First, grasp the principle of fertilization One is to apply base fertilizer. Generally, 7 days before fry stocking, green fish or manure can be applied to fish ponds. The second is to apply fertilizer topdressing. Fertilizers are generally used as topdressing, with a small amount of ground facilities. The use of water depends on the situation. The water quality is lean, the fish is not floating, and it can be applied more appropriately; the water quality is fertile, the fish has a floating head phenomenon, and less or no application is possible. Third, fertilization in different seasons. Due to different seasons, there will be differences in the frequency and quantity of topdressing fish ponds. At the beginning of summer, when the temperature changes greatly, the water quality is not easy to control, and fertilization should be done less frequently. The high temperature in Shengshu, the excessive water fertilization may worsen the water quality, resulting in dead fish in flood ponds, and should be applied as little as possible; the water temperature in spring and autumn is low. The decomposition of organic matter is slow, the water quality is relatively stable, and the amount of fertilization should be less. The fourth is to look at water fertilization. Under normal conditions, the water body is grass green with a transparency of about 25 cm. It is more suitable for fish life, and the fish body grows faster. If the transparency exceeds 30 centimeters, it means that the water quality is lean and you need to add fertilizer; if the transparency is less than 20 centimeters, it means that the water quality is too fat, and flooding is likely to occur. Fertilization should be stopped and fresh water should be injected into the pond. Second, grasp the timing of fertilization Organic manure is generally used as a base fertilizer to fertilize water quality, but it has high oxygen consumption. It should ensure that the dissolved oxygen in the pond is sufficient for application. Generally after the application, oxygenation measures can be taken to strengthen water quality management, such as the use of aerators and regular oxygenation. High-flowing rivers and lakes or microfluidic methods. In normal weather, the fertilizer disappears in the water for 7 to 10 days, and at high temperatures 3 to 5 days. At water temperatures above 25°C, use 2.5 kg of ammonium carbonate or 2.5 kg of superphosphate per acre or 3 to 4 kg of ammonium chloride and 3 to 4 kg of superphosphate per acre; below 25°C, use water per acre. Urea 2.5 kg plus superphosphate 5 kg can also be flexibly controlled according to weather, water quality and other factors. When using chemical fertilizers, sunny days should be selected, and the water should be splashed. The time is from 8:00 to 12:00 in the morning. Third, grasp the fertilization method 1. The application method of organic fertilizer: The application of organic fertilizer must master the quantity and operation rules of fertilization. The water depth of 1 meter per acre does not exceed 750 kilograms per time. The oxygen consumption was highest in the 2nd to 3rd days after the straw was cast, but gradually decreased afterwards. In order to ensure the water oxygen level of the pool, a small number of methods should be taken. Before the application of grass and manure, it is best to undergo stacking and fermentation. After preliminary decomposition, it is applied to the pond. 2. Application method of inorganic fertilizer: Fertilizer should be used as top dressing, and it should be reasonable for a few times, and the ratio of NPK should be reasonable. For farming ponds such as squid and squid, fertilization should be based on the quality of the pool water and weather conditions. Generally, the transparency of the water body should be about 25 cm. The water color should be dark brown, and the amount of fertilizer should not be too much. Each time the fertilizer is applied, 1 kg of urea or 1.5 kg of ammonium sulfate is added to the water surface, and 1 to 1.5 kg of superphosphate is added. Fertilizers should be used in conjunction with organic fertilizers. Normally, fertilizers are applied at the end of March each year. About 500 to 750 kilograms of water per acre is used. Once the fertilizer is applied, fertilizers are used as fertilizer. From April to June and September, after appropriate temperature season, during the period of strong growth of carp and carp, fertilizer should be applied ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium chloride. In July to August, the high temperature season should be determined depending on fish and water quality. In fish-dominated ponds, nitrogen fertilizer is not applied or applied. For ponds dominated by earthworms and cockroaches, nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers can be applied. Fertilizer must first dissolve the phosphate fertilizer, then dissolve the nitrogen fertilizer and apply it separately. After the fertilizer is diluted with water, it should be mixed with sprinkling. 3. Application method of biological fertilizer: Biofertilizer should be applied strictly according to the manufacturer's instructions for use. Normally, it should be applied around 10:00 am on sunny days. The water color change will occur on the second day and the fertilizer effect can be maintained for about 10 days under normal conditions. In the culture, it is also necessary to use the weather, stocking density, yield, and transparency in a timely manner, increase or decrease the amount, use 2 to 3 times per month, the first increase the amount of application. 4. Strict fertilization contraindications: Avoid rain and fertilize; avoid high temperature hot weather fertilization; avoid water fertilization; avoid fish when anorexia fertilize; avoid fish when the disease is fertilized. Treatment of Mycoplasma Diseases
It is mainly used for prevention and treatment of Mycoplasma suis pneumonia (also known as local epidemic pneumonia of pigs, commonly known as asthma of pigs), Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection (also known as chronic respiratory disease of chickens), contagious pleuropneumonia of sheep (also known as Mycoplasma ovis pneumonia), Mycoplasma bovis mastitis and arthritis, Mycoplasma ovis anomastia and arthritis, Mycoplasma suis serositis, arthritis, Mycoplasma avian synovitis, etc.
During the treatment, broad-spectrum antibiotics such as doxycycline, roxithromycin, azithromycin, tetracycline and erythromycin should be used, and the treatment should be carried out according to the drug instructions. It is used to treat animal Mycoplasma disease.
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A group of pleomorphic organisms between viruses and bacteria cause human, animal and plant diseases, called Mycoplasma disease. This disease is highly infectious and can make the disease spread rapidly. It is often infected with other laboratory animal diseases.
1. Mycoplasma spp is a kind of prokaryotic leptocyte, which can reproduce in the medium without leptocyte. Its size is between bacteria and virus, and its diameter is 80-300 μ m. It can pass through the sterilizing filter. It is polymorphous and can be spherical, rod-shaped, filamentous and other irregular shapes. It is gram negative.
2. Epidemiology klincherger et al. (1937) first isolated mycoplasma from the pneumonia foci of rats with bronchiectasis. Mycoplasma is the main pathogen of chronic respiratory diseases in rodent experimental animals, which is widely distributed in the production groups of rats and mice, and even more than Sendai virus and mouse pneumonia virus, The prevalence of mycoplasma is very serious in the experimental rat population in China. Lu Guozhen et al. (1989) reported that the infection rate of common BALB / c mice in the open environment is 40%, and that of clean BALB / c mice in the barrier system is 12.59%, which indicates that the barrier system can effectively control the invasion of the original microorganisms and reduce the infection rate of Mycoplasma. The natural hosts of mycoplasma are rats and mice, Different strains and ages of animals have different susceptibility to Mycoplasma. From cotton rat, hamster, guinea pig.
Mycoplasma was also isolated from rabbits and horses, which can cause arthritis and uveitis in immunized mice. Mycoplasma can often be isolated from the nasopharynx of wild rats. Therefore, it is very important to strengthen the feeding management of experimental rats and mice, and strictly prevent wild rats from entering. The infection of this disease is mainly caused by infected rats and Mycoplasma recessive carrier rats, which excrete toxin through respiratory tract secretion, contaminating feed, bedding material, etc In addition, the transportation of animals may also be an important way of transmission. Mycoplasma is an inherent pathogen in mice and rats. Uninfected animals and infected animals are easy to be infected when they are raised in the same cage. Because flat channel is the most vulnerable site to Mycoplasma natural infection, Therefore, the upper respiratory tract becomes the source of infection for other animals and animals' lower respiratory tract and reproductive tract. Mycoplasma is often isolated from vagina and Ziji, but it can not be detected from liver, spleen, kidney and heart. Due to the presence of Mycoplasma in genitalia, it often infects fetal rats and newborn rats, or causes contamination of caesarean section.
3. Clinical symptoms: the experimental animals were infected with mycoplasma, and the political diseases were mainly caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma fulvum and Mycoplasma arthritis, especially Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Mycoplasma pneumoniae mainly caused pneumonia in rats and mice and female reproductive organ diseases (suppurative ovaritis, salpingitis and empyema).
4. Pathological changes Mycoplasma in the respiratory tract of rats caused by Mycoplasma generally does not show gross lesions, and animals infected by a small amount of Mycoplasma do not show or rarely show microscopic lesions. Mild infection is likely to be missed. Therefore, the organs of the respiratory tract and reproductive tract of animals should be made into sections for careful examination, If severe infection or epidemic occurs in mice, typical pathological damage caused by mycoplasma can be seen. For example, syncytial giant cells sometimes appear in nasal cavity and bronchiolitis epithelium of mice, which has certain characteristics and can confirm the existence of Mycoplasma. The pathological changes are mainly manifested as neutrophil infiltration in joints and surrounding tissues and mild proliferation of sea membrane cells, The sea membrane becomes hypertrophic, accompanied by a large number of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages infiltration. The erosion of articular cartilage can lead to serious damage of joints. The pathological changes were as follows: (1) at the initial acute stage (lasting for about 2 weeks), neutrophil infiltration in the joint and surrounding tissues, and proliferation of synovium in the light disc; â‘¡ Acute and chronic inflammatory processes occurred together in the mixed period (3-10 weeks); â‘¢ In chronic stage (11-38 weeks or longer), meningococcal infection, monocyte infiltration and articular cartilage destruction occurred.
5. prevention and control of animals with too much density, high concentration of environment and infection of bacteria or viruses will increase the incidence rate of the rats. Therefore, prevention of this disease should raise the density of animal animal care and prevent the infection of other diseases.
North Africa Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria.
East Africa is Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda and Seychelles.
West Africa usually includes Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Cape Verde, Sierra Leone, Liberia, C ? te d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, etc.
South Africa is South Africa, including Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, Mozambique, Republic of South Africa, Namibia, Madagascar, Comoros, Mauritius, Reunion Island, France, St. Helena and ascension.
Central Africa includes the Central African Republic, Chad, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sao Tome and Principe.
Central Asia refers to the inland region of Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan.
Southeast Asia: Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia and Timor Leste.
Countries and regions in West Asia include Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Turkey, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Yemen, Cyprus, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.
North African countries and regions include Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Madeira Islands, Azores Islands and Western Sahara.